Старый Новый год – неофициальный, но любимый в России и некоторых других странах праздник, который получил свое название из-за перехода на так называемый “новый стиль”. Он ежегодно отмечается в ночь на 14 января, сообщает Elitar.kz со ссылкой на РИА Новости.
Традиция отмечать этот праздник связана с расхождением двух календарей: юлианского (возник во времена Юлия Цезаря) – календаря “старого стиля” – и григорианского – календаря “нового стиля”. Это расхождение в XX-XXI веках составляет 13 дней, поэтому Новый год по старому стилю отмечается в ночь с 13 на 14 января.
В Европе начиная с 1582 года постепенно распространился новый календарь, введенный по распоряжению папы Римского Григория XIII. К середине XX века григорианским календарем пользовались уже все страны мира.
В России новый календарь был принят Декретом Совета Народных Комиссаров от 24 января 1918 года “в целях установления в России одинакового почти со всеми культурными народами исчисления времени”. В силу этого было установлено считать первым днем после 31 января 14 февраля.
При переходе на новое летоисчисление изменилась дата начала Нового года. 1 января по новому стилю приходится на 19 декабря по юлианскому календарю, или по “старому” стилю.
Однако в церковной жизни изменений не произошло. Постановлением Всероссийского Поместного Собора (1917-1918) Русская православная церковь не перешла в своем обиходе на григорианский календарь.
Современный Новый год выпадает на Рождественский пост, предваряющий Рождество Христово 7 января (25 декабря по старому стилю), после которого наступает Новый год, приходящийся по григорианскому календарю на 14 января. Поэтому он и получил название старый Новый год.
14 января (1 января по старому стилю) христианская церковь также чтит память святого Василия Великого, архиепископа Кесарии Каппадокийской. В народном календаре 14 января называли Васильевым днем, или Овсень. В этот день дети ходили по домам с песнями, наподобие колядок. С Васильева дня принято было наниматься на работы, поэтому с этого дня велся отчет хозяйственного года.
Несмотря на память святого Василия, колядование в этот день шло по языческому обряду: рано утром в дом прибегали дети, бросали в иконы зерно, гоготали, как гуси, изображая животных, – по языческим представлениям это способствовало плодородию. Иногда колядовщики переодевались в вывернутые наизнанку шубы, страшные маски. Смысл переодевания также архаичный: переодетый нечистью колядовщик олицетворял предка, который помогал “плодородию”.
Как правило, одевались так именно на Новый год, 14 января, и исполняли исключительно посевные, то есть языческие колядки. Этот обычай был распространен по всей России. “Новогодних” колядовщиков не пускали в дом, а одаривали угощениями за порогом или через окно. Тем, кто на Святки ходил в “личине”, полагалось окунуться на Крещение в “иордани” – специально вырубленной в реке и освященной проруби: смыть грех. “Христославных” колядовщиков, напротив, приглашали в избы. Сегодня традиция пения колядок в России исчезла, но сохранилась на Западной Украине, в Карпатах.
Дважды встречают Новый год не только в России, но и на просторах бывшего СССР, и в ряде других стран.
В Белоруссии и на Украине вечер перед старым Новым годом называется “щедрым”. Название праздник получил от традиции готовить к нему щедрую кутью, а также накрывать “богатый” стол после Рождественского поста.
В Абхазии 14 января отмечают День сотворения мира – Ажьырныхуа (Хечхуама). Этот праздник является государственным и объявлен нерабочим днем.
Обычай праздновать старый Новый год есть и у жителей бывшей Югославии. В Сербии он называется “Сербским Новым годом”, или Малым Рождеством, в Черногории – “Правильный Новый год” (“Права Нова Година”).
В Греции дети в ночь на 14 января в ожидании Дня святого Василия ставят у каминов свои ботинки, куда святой Василий должен положить подарки.
В Румынии на старый Новый год принято печь пироги с сюрпризами: монетками, колечками и горьким перцем.
В немецкоязычных регионах Швейцарии 13 января отмечают старый День святого Сильвестра, наряжаются в маскарадные костюмы и поздравляют друг друга с Новым годом. В Северной Македонии в Новый год по старому календарю устраивают карнавалы.
Аналог праздника есть в Уэльсе – фестиваль “Хен Галан”. Вот уже более 250 лет община из 200 фермеров-валлийцев на западе Великобритании отмечает 13 января этот своеобразный праздник. В этот день у них выходной. “Хен Галан” встречают по традициям предков песнями, колядками и местным домашним пивом. Для местных жителей “Хен Галан” – праздник добрососедства и “открытых дверей”.
Старый Новый год отмечают в южном Тунисе и Алжире берберы – коренное население Северной Африки. Праздник у них носит название “Йеннайер” (Yennayer). Его отмечают праздничным ужином, который обязательно должен включать блюда из мяса, особенно куриного. Также подают сухофрукты и сладости.
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